Thursday, April 5, 2018

Three Mile China Chernobyl F-U-Shima Syndrome

Growing up in the US in the 70s, we accepted the commonly held – but false – belief that if you dug straight down from America, through the planet, through the core, to the other side, you’d wind up in China.

Recently I screwed around with an app that tells you exactly where you would wind up if you did exactly that.  And from most places in the US, that would be somewhere in the middle of the South Pacific ocean, literally in the middle of the ocean.  To come up in China, you’d have to start digging somewhere in Brazil, Paraguay or Argentina.   But d’uh!  Both the US and China are well north of the Equator.  Shouldn’t this be obvious?

Which made “The China Syndrome” even more puzzling.  We have smart people designing nuclear power plants, and presumably equally smart (?) people concerned about what might go wrong.  Assuming they’re not planning on building these plants in Paraguay, why would they assume a meltdown would go all the way to China?  Especially a plant in Japan…

Anyhow.  I also had occasion, when driving back from New Jersey, to drive down past Three Mile Island.  My toll-free route takes me past Harrisburg, either north of TMI across the Susquehanna River on 83/581, at Harrisburg, or well south of it on Route 30 from Lancaster to York.  My cousin Jimmy, upon learning of my travels, informed me of the location of TMI, which I had NO CLUE was near Harrisburg.  On an occasion of leaving NJ in the middle of the day and not close to midnight, I had extra time and decided to drive past it.
     
It’s a small island off the east bank of the river, which is pretty wide, though not nearly as wide as it is down in Maryland where 95 crosses over it on the Tydings Bridge.  There are four cooling towers.  The southern two are inactive and that reactor has remained shut down since the incident in 1979.  The northern two still belch steam, as the northern reactor is still in operation.  Presumably the issues of 1979 have been resolved.  But if there is a problem, it will melt down to the South Pacific, not China.

X-Men Origins: Wolverine is a recent MCU film.  We see Logan (Hugh Jackman) aka Wolverine, and his brother Victor (Liev Schreiber) aka Sabretooth grow up, serve in the Union Army, the AEF, and at D-Day taking out German bunkers on Omaha Beach.  Then they wind up in Vietnam, and Logan gets fed up and quits, eventually hooking up with the babacious Lynn Collins.   Eventually his exploits land him at Three Mile Island, where he and Sabretooth take on Deadpool 1.0.   Earlier in the film Ryan Reynolds treats us to a smart-ass version of his later self, so the film is worth watching for that alone, but I find Lynn Collins another good reason.  Note:  Taylor Kitsch is here as Gambit, a New Orleans-based superhero who throws playing cards at people and makes stuff happen that way.  He joined Lynn Collins in “John Carter”, with him as the title character and her as Deja Thoris, the heroine of that story.  ANYHOW.

The China Syndrome” came out before the TMI incident, and takes place at a reactor in L.A.   Jack Lemmon plays the stressed out plant boss, Jane Fonda is a hot reporter trying to break out of soft news about tiger birthdays at the zoo and do serious s**t about reactors melting down.  Michael Douglas is a renegade cameraman who wants to blow this whole thing wide open.  Part of me wonders why they build reactors where earthquakes happen most often (yeah, how about that, Japan?) but the general idea was that the greedy bastards who built the thing falsified the records and left the plant built unsafely.   This begs the question, however:  are reactors safe IF properly built?  Are they safe if built in an earthquake-prone area?  Is nuclear power only unsafe if you cut corners and cheap it out, or can it be made safe?  The movie really doesn’t answer these questions.  But Jane Fonda is undoubtedly hot, especially as a redhead.

Which leads me to my next topic: brief discussions of the three most infamous reactor failures, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and F-U-Shima.

Three Mile Island (March 28, 1979).  What’s remarkable is that the failure at TMI was almost exactly the problem depicted in “The China Syndrome” released EARLIER (March 16, 1979).  A valve stuck open, but another sensor gave false readings of high coolant levels, resulting in a situation where the readings were mutually inconsistent and prevented the crew from correctly ascertaining the problem and fixing it quickly.  Some radiation was released, but no meltdown occurred.  Today, the unit which failed (TM2) is closed, and has been since the accident.  The northern unit, TM1, remains in operation but will close in 2019.

The shock of having Three Mile Island fail in exactly the same way predicted by the movie gave serious impetus to the movement against nuclear energy, and Fonda herself became a vocal opponent to nuclear energy and an advocate of using NVA anti-aircraft to shoot down US nuclear power plants.

Chernobyl (April 1986).  Next to this one, TMI was much less (level 5 on a scale of 7) – moreover, no one died as a result of TMI and as of today the area is non-contaminated.  We were in Paris by the time TMI occurred, but were still living there when the Ukrainian reactor blew up.   There was an explosion and a leak, resulting in enormous amounts of radiation being released – the equivalent of a nuclear attack.   28 rescue workers died soon after, 14 later died of cancer, and 15 cancer deaths from the surrounding population have been noted. 

F-U-Shima (2011).  Here an earthquake AND a tsunami screwed everything up, but experts concluded that the plant should have been able to prepare for these events (which Japan is well acquainted with) and even allowing for the natural disasters, the engineers still did not do enough to prevent problems, including a partial meltdown and release of radioactive material.  Unlike Chernobyl, there were no immediate deaths, but they estimate that 130-640 will eventually die from cancer caused by the radiation leaked out.  There’s also talk that the Pacific Ocean, as far east as the west coast of the US, is still contaminated by radiation.  Mind you, the plant is currently operating today.

Nuclear energy.  Think of this: until the early 1900s, most of the world had NO electricity.  Now we take it for granted and freak out if the power goes out.  Notwithstanding mankind’s ability to live and enjoy life for centuries before Edison and Tesla gave us 110/220 volts, abandoning it now would be unthinkable.  So how to reliably, consistently, and sustainably provide this to as many of us as possible remains an issue.

            In “The China Syndrome”, plant supervisor Godell (Jack Lemmon) claimed that his power plant provided 10% of the local energy needs of L.A.   Today, nuclear power provides 11% of worldwide needs, as much as 21% for OECD countries, whichever those are.  Ironically, aside from those pesky and inconvenient meltdowns and leaks, nuclear power is actually very clean relative to other forms of generation (e.g. oil, coal, and natural gas).  From what I understand, nuclear reactors are specifically designed not to accumulate critical mass and allow an actual nuclear explosion to take place.  And even the worst incidents, both rated 7 out of 7 on the scale of “nuclear s**t hits the fan”, Chernobyl and F-U-Shima, did not result in a meltdown to the opposite side of the globe. 

            Fossil fuel – coal, oil, and natural gas – remains the primary source, though it’s the dirtiest and not renewable, though I suppose biodiesel could be considered somewhat renewable.  The problem is that crops grown for biodiesel take up cropland and cannot be eaten.  Also consider, with regard to electric cars, that the electricity they run on is mostly generated by fossil fuels which are just as environmentally detrimental as the gasoline or diesel we might otherwise use in regular cars or trucks. In fact, these days even vehicles running on gasoline or diesel are close to zero emissions.  Driving an electric car is really not any better for the environment or for natural resources than driving a regular gas or diesel vehicle.  However, they are ALL vegan AND gluten-free - and electric cars have NO GMOs.  Anyhow. 

            That leaves two more:  wind power is nice, but too weak to provide much help.  It’s dependent upon the wind and you need lots of windmills to make a fairly small amount of electricity, making it sadly inefficient.  Hydro-electric (water) power is the best, providing 20% of the world’s energy, though dams are big, difficult to build, and eventually wear out, plus they’re very disruptive of the local ecosystem and entire areas have to relocated.  This means that nuclear power is really no worse than any other form of energy production.  So we’ll stick with it for the near future.  

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