I’ve already addressed the Russian Civil War (1918-22) and
the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), and from this war, the Battle of Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863). But I suppose a blog
on the entire war is appropriate.
Background
& Beginning. Up
to 1860, the United States was splitting up into two camps. Northern states were more industrialized
(though still highly rural), whereas southern states still relied on slavery to
keep their plantations going. In
November 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election. Since he was known to oppose slavery, the
southern states feared he would abolish it (a decision he only made after the
war began). On April 12, 1861, southern
forces fired on Fort Sumter outside Charleston, South Carolina, and the war
began.
Union
States (i.e. states which did not secede, though that includes
some slave states): Maryland, West Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New
Hampshire, Maine, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota,
California, plus Missouri, Kentucky and Kansas. West Virginia was actually formed from the
mountainous northwestern counties of Virginia which opted not to secede – or
rather, they seceded from Virginia, which itself had seceded from the
Union.
Confederate
States (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina. When Virginia seceded
the CSA capital moved to Richmond. (Fair warning: I’m living in Virginia now, and
have been since 1990.)
With the capital there, including the Tredegar Iron Works
and generals Lee and Jackson, Virginia
is arguably the most important Confederate state. Route 1 is still called Jefferson Davis
Highway (named after the Confederate president) and Richmond is full of
Confederate statues. The city is well
aware of its historical significance.
As Rhett Butler reminded the enthusiastic would-be rebel
officers in “Gone With The Wind”, the Union states enjoyed higher population,
far more railroads, and far more industrial capacity. The South’s only chance was to knock out the
Union quickly, because in a war of attrition the Union would prevail, which
both sides recognized.
Sure enough, early in the war, the south enjoyed major
victories such as Bull Run (two battles) near Manassas in Virginia, with such
capable commanders as Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. The Union’s numerical superiority was mostly
squandered by General McClellan, who was mislead by his “intelligence” (?) chief
Pinkerton to overestimate CSA forces.
When correctly apprised of CSA forces, as he was at Antietam in Maryland
in 1862, McClellan did somewhat better.
In fact, the Union victory at Antietam persuaded the British and French
not to intervene on behalf of the Confederacy.
Vicksburg
& (Spa)Gettysburg. In
summer 1863 a pair of major battles turned the tide for the Union. At Vicksburg, in Mississippi, heretofore
unknown Union general Ulysses S. Grant engaged in a brilliant campaign through
the impassable swamps of the city to outflank the city and take it – a city
previously deemed to be impregnable – it was “inconceivable” that any army could navigate those swamps. Apparently not. Capturing Vicksburg gave the Union effective
control over the Mississippi River and cut the western Confederate states off
from the eastern ones, splitting the country in two.
At Gettysburg, in south-central Pennsylvania, Meade faced
off against Lee in early July, and Pickett’s charge on day three failed to
destroy the Union lines. Defeated, the
CSA forces limped back to Virginia, but Meade failed to catch up to them and
destroy them.
Next year, Lincoln put Grant in charge of Union forces
(March 1864), and for his part Grant put Sherman in charge of another pincer of
Union forces to attack through Tennessee – by way of Chattanooga – and
eventually take both Atlanta (September 1864) and Savannah (December 1864).
The south was able to launch one more attack into Maryland
in July 1864 (intended to draw off Union forces from their assault on
Richmond), but with Lew “Ben Hur” Wallace’s successful delay at Monocacy
outside Frederick, Washington was successfully reinforced and CSA armies under
Early were forced to retreat back into Virginia again without achieving any
strategic victories.
End. Sherman captured Atlanta and Savannah in 1864,
Grant captured Richmond and Petersburg in early April 1865, so by then it was
apparent to Lee that the war could not be won.
The CSA surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia on April 12 – four years to
the date of the attack on Fort Sumter.
The war was over, the Union preserved, and slavery abolished throughout
the entire country. (“And
there was much rejoicing…”)
Movies. There have been numerous movies, including
“North And South” (a miniseries) and “Birth of a Nation” (1915). I like “Gettysburg”, and “Gone With The
Wind”, though not exclusively about the war itself, certainly qualifies. I’m not aware of any Civil War sitcoms or
animated series – perhaps a lucrative, untapped market.
Books. Shelby Foote has written a large non-fiction
account, and as I’ve noted in prior blogs, there are at least two alternate
history series. The more modest one,
written by none other than former Republican congressman from Georgia, Newt
Gingrich, speculates on what might have happened if the battle of Gettysburg
had never occurred. The more ambitious
series, by Harry Turtledove, makes Antietam (err, Camp Hill) a Confederate
victory, the British and French intervened to force Lincoln to an armistice,
and as a result the CSA won the Civil War and remained a separate country. The two countries faced off again in 1884
(the Second Mexican War), again in 1914 (WWI), with the US allying with
Imperial Germany, and then again in 1941 (WWII), with the US allying with as
yet still Imperial Germany (the Nazis never took power). The CSA by that point is led by a dictator,
Jake Featherston, who engages in a major operation to wipe out the south’s
black population in concentration camps.
Sounds familiar?
Uniforms. Although there were some variations between
state units, the basic uniform was a sack coat in dark blue for Union troops
and grey for Confederate troops. Both
sides wore kepis (flat top cloth hats). With Civil War re-enacting a popular hobby
(are there Russian and Spanish Civil War re-enactors?) replica uniforms are
available online. At some point I’ll buy
a Union kepi….
Weapons. Muzzle loading black powder rifles were
standard on both sides (though repeaters came into use late in the war by Union
forces). These were difficult to use and
veteran forces generally had three times the firepower of inexperienced troops,
an advantage which only dissipated well after the war as smokeless powder
breech-loading rifles became state of the art.
In the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) both the French and Prussians were
using breech-loaders, though still using black powder. As noted in a prior blog, the French
invented smokeless powder.
Both sides used cannons.
Decades before the Wright Brothers, balloons marked the extent of air
forces, and the main naval ships were ironclads, though the Union navy’s
Monitor marked the introduction of a revolving turret. The Union navy focused on blockading
Confederate ports to prevent trade and supplies arriving, mostly successfully;
Wilmington, North Carolina being the final Confederate port to fall to Union
naval forces.
Relatives. Both grandparents on my mother’s side came
from Poland through Ellis Island around the turn of the century, but my
paternal grandmother’s family came to the US before the Revolution and were in
New York at the time of the war. My
uncle said our great-grandfather was in the Brooklyn F.D. at the time and would
have been exempt from military service (including the unpopular draft), but
other male relatives would have been in Union blue at the time with New York
regiments. Ancestry.com listed several
Broughtons from New York in the Union army, though I’m unaware of which if any
were my actual relatives. The odds are
high that I have Union veterans in my family, most plausibly great-grand uncles.
States’
Rats vs. Slavery.
Decades after the war, and more recently, many apologists for the South,
plus many non-CSA advocates who should know better but want to appear more
intelligent than they actually are, tried to retroactively make states’ rats
the main cause of the war. Of course,
this conveniently ignores the Confederates themselves, who consistently
maintained in April 1861 and throughout the war that the retention of their
“peculiar institution” of slavery was the #1 reason for firing on Fort Sumter
and leaving the Union. Of course, even
the assertion of states’ rats begs the question of which particular states’ rats
they were defending, the most important being slavery. Southern states even disputed New York
asserting the rat to prohibit southerners bringing their slaves with them to
New York, so that argument is disingenuous.
Confederate
Flag. Although not actually the flag of the
Confederacy itself, the battle flag, aka the “Stars & Bars”, nevertheless
serves as the de facto CSA flag as far as contemporary enthusiasts – and less
sympathetic observers whose ancestors were slaves – are concerned. I’ve addressed the topic in a prior
blog. I’ve noticed that many, if not
all, of those who proudly display the Confederate flag also make the
above-noted argument that states’ rats, not slavery, was the reason the south
attempted to secede from the Union. Uh,
yeah….
As I noted earlier, while advocates can certainly attempt
to assert that their use of the flag is merely an expression of “Southern
pride” and not a conscientious advocacy of slavery or opposition to the
Thirteenth Amendment – or an assertion of white supremacy – it’s equally
legitimate for blacks to resent the flag and consider it a de facto assertion
of white supremacy. For my part, I
purchased a 35 state Union flag to assert my own support for the Union cause,
on behalf of my New York ancestors who fought for the Union. One day I hope to identify exactly who they
were….
